THE
UNDERSTANDING OF ETHICS
Ethics
(etymology) derived from the Greek word “Ethos”,
which means the character of decency or customs. Ethics is usually closely
related to the moral. Moral is a term from Latin, “Mos” and the plural “Mores”,
whisch also means custom or way of life of a person by doing good deeds
(decency), and avoid things action the bad one. Ethics and morals more or less
the same sense, but in routine activities there are differences, especially
moral or morality for the assessment of actions undertaken, while ethics for the
assessment of system of values prevailing.
Understanding Ethics According to
Experts, as follows:
·
According to Dr.
James J. Spillane SJ, ETICS or ethical concerns or consider human behavior in
moral decision making. Ethics leads or connecting the individual with the use
of reason objectivity to determine the truth or falsity and behavior towards
others.
· According to
Asmaran, the understanding of ethics is the study of human behavior, not only
determines its truths as they are, but also investigate the benefits or the
good of the entire human behavior.
PRINCIPLES
OF ETHICS
In
the history of human civilization since the fourth century BC, the Thinkers
have tried to define the various shades of ethical foundation to guide social
life. Thinkers have identified at least there are hundreds of ideas the great
(great ideas). The whole idea or the grand idea can be summarized into six
principles that are an important cornerstone of ethics, namely beauty,
equality, kindness, justice, freedom, and truth.
·
Principle of Beauty
This principle underlies everything that
includes the enjoyment of pleasure to beauty. Based on this principle, people
pay attention to the values of beauty and want to show something wonderful in
their behavior. For example in dress, spatial planning, and making it more
eager to work.
·
Equation Principle
Every human being by nature have rights and
responsibilities are the same, so it appears the demand to equality between men
and women, racial equality and equality in various other fields. This principles
underlies behavior that does not discriminate on any basis.
·
Principle of Goodness
This principle underlies the behavior of
individuals to always seek to do good in their interaction with their
environment. This principle is usually respect of human values such as repects,
compassion, helping others, and else. Humans by nature always want to do good,
because by doing good they will be accepted by the environment. Governance and
service provided to the public in fact aims to create the good society.
·
Principle of Justice
Means of justice is fixed and eternal
willingness to give everyone what they should get. Therefore, this principle
underlies a person to act in a fair and proportionate and do not take anything
into the rights of others.
·
Principle of Freedom
Freedom
can be interpreted as the freedom of individuals to act or not act according to
their own choices. In the principle of life and human rights, every human being
has the right to do things according to their own and will does not damage or
interfere with the rights of others. Therefore, every freedom should be
accompanied by responsibility so they do not take action arbitrarily to others.
LINE
THEORY OF ETHICS
1. Teleology Ethics
Comes from the Greek, telos = goals. Measuring the merits of an action based on the goal
would be achieved by the action or based on the consequences caused by the
action.
Two streams teological ethics :
a. Ethical Egoism
b. Utilitarianism
a. Ethical Egoism
Selfishness
core view is that the actions of each person basically aims to pursue personal
and promote themselves. The only purpose of moral action everyone is the
pursuit of personal interests and promote themselves. The new egoism becomes a
serious problem when it tends to be hedonistic, which is when happiness and
personal interests translated solely as physical pleasure that is vulgar.
b. Utilitarianism
Comes from
the Latin utilis means “useful”. According
to this theory of an act is good if bring benefits, but the benefits it must
involve not just one or two people, but society as a whole. In the framework of
utilitarian thinking, the criteria for determining the merits of an act is “The
greatest happiness of the greatest number”, it means the greatest happiness of
the greatest number of the people.
2. Deontology Theory
The term deontology comes from the Greek word “deon” means responsibility. “Why is
this good deed and the deed must be rejected as bad”, Deontology replied: “because
the first act is our responsibility and for the second act is prohibited”. The basis
for the good or bad deeds is a duty. Deontological approach has been accepted
in the context of religion, it is also one of the most important ethical
theories.
3. Theory of Rights
In the thinking of today’s moral rights
theory, this is probably the most widely used approach to evaluate the merits
of an act or behavior. Theory of Rights is an aspect of the theory of
deontology, as it relates to responsibility. Rights and responsibilities are
like two sides of the same coin. Rights based on human dignity and the dignity
of all human beings are the same. Therefore, the rights fits perfectly with the
atmosphere of democratic thought.
4. Virtue Theory
Looking at person’s attitude or character. Do not
ask whether a particular act is fair or honest, or generous and so on. The virtues
can be defined as follows: disposition of character that has been acquired
person and allows them to behave morally.
For example virtue :
·
Wisdom
·
Justice
·
Glutton for work
·
The good life
EGOISM
Egoism is derived
from the Latin “EGO”, which is
derived from the Greek word meaning “self”.
Egoism is a motivation to maintain and improve the view that only benefit
themselves. Egoism means putting yourself in the middle of the goal and do not
care about the suffering of others, including their beloved or who is
considered a close friend. Another term is “selfish”.
The opposite of selfishness is a altruism.
It is closely
related to narcissism or “love yourself”,
and the tendency may be to talk or write about themselves with a sense of
arrogant and length. Egoism can live with their own interests, even at the time
of the rejection of others. Smug is a character trait that describes a person
who acts to gain value in an amount more than they gives to others. Egoism is
often done by utilizing altruism, irrationally and ignorance of others as well
as leveraging the power of yourself and/or ingenuity to deceive.
Egoism is the way
to maintain and improve a favorable view for themselves, and generally have an
opinion to improve one’s personal image and the importance of intellectual,
physical, social, and others.
Egoism or egoitsm
theory expressed by Friedrich Wilhelm
Nietche which is an outspoken critic of utilitarianism and also strongly
opposed the theory of social morality. Selfishness theory principle that
everyone should be stand for themselves, that is doing something that aims to
benefit yourself. In addition, any act that benefits is a good deed and a bad
deed if it is self-inflicted.
Source by :
